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<h1>Annotations in the MERLIN corpus</h1>
<h2>The annotation structure</h2>
<p>The MERLIN corpus has a mulitlayer annotation. The texts are lemmatized and part-of-speech-tagged. Furthermore, in addition to a minimally correct version of the text (target hypothesis), specific features of the learner language have been annotated. Go to <a href="C_research.php#annotations" target="_blank">MERLIN for research</a> to learn more about whether the single layers result from manual or automatic annotations (NLP). </p>
<br />
<p><img src="img/annotation-structure_en.png" width="600"/></p>
<p>The target hypotheses form the basis for annotations of learner language features (L2 features) . The "minimal target hypothesis" <strong>(TH1)</strong> is a minimally intervening version of the learner text that is orthographically and grammatically correct. Annotations of grammatical and orthographical learner language features refer to them (EA1). </p>
<p> In the explorative, smaller MERLIN core corpus, further L2 features regarding vocabulary, pragmatics, sociolinguistic appropriateness, and intelligibility have been annotated (EA2). Very often, those phenomena are not errors. These pilot annotations a rather explorative nature and should be interpreted with caution. They refer to the "extended target hypothesis" (<strong>TH2</strong>).</p>
<p>All L2 feature annotations have been deduced from various sources and described in detail in the <a href="C_download.php" target="_blank">annotation scheme</a>. You can review the development and origin of the indicators on which the annotation scheme is based at <a href="C_research.php#annotations" target="_blank">MERLIN for reserach</a>. The MERLIN annotations followed a strict policy of reliability control. Again, you can read more about this at <a href="C_research.php#anchor233" target="_blank">MERLIN for research
</a>.</p>
<div id="anchor1"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor1" onClick="toggle('#content1','#img1')"><img id="img1" src="img/toggle-expand.png"></a> Excursus: Interpretating „errors“ with target hypotheses </h3>
<div id="content1" class="content">
<p>As learner language (L2) is regarded as an evolving language system in its own right, annotations were not merely based on error coding, but also took into account other linguistic characteristics.</p>
<p>In order to determine whether and to what extent a text deviates incorrectly, there must be a clear idea of what a learner presumably intended to write. In a learner text collection (learner corpus), it is important to make this interpretation explicit to make annotations more easily understandable and to avoid problems of reliability. Therefore, the MERLIN team formulated target hypotheses (TH) that are a corrected version of the learner texts. The team followed the rules developed for the <a href="http://www.linguistik.hu-berlin.de/institut/professuren/korpuslinguistik/forschung/falko" target="_blank" class="reference">FALKO corpus</a> and adapted them to the project needs where necessary (cf. Reznicek/Lüdeling et al. 2012). </p>
<p><strong>Target hypothesis 1 (TH1) = orthographically and grammatically correct version of the learner text</strong></p>
<p>The "minimal target hypothesis"<strong> </strong>is a solely orthographically and grammatically correct version of the learner text, but might contain deviations from what a native speaker would say on other levels (e.g., lexical). TH1 interferes as little as possible with the learner text. They were written for the whole MERLIN corpus. </p>
<p><strong>Target hypothesis 2 (TH2) = lexically and pragmatically akcetable version of the learner text</strong></p>
<p>The "extended target hypothesis" aims at creating an <strong>acceptable</strong> (for a native speaker) version of the original learner text. <strong>TH2</strong> takes into account more language dimensions that often regard context-dependent phenomena like vocabulary and pragmatics. This assessment could only be made for a smaller part of the MERLIN corpus, the core corpus. It consists of a collection of texts which received either A2 or B2 ratings (for Italian: A2 and B1/B1+). <br />
</p>
<p>For examples and more details see <a href="C_research.php#annotations" target="_blank">MERLIN for research</a>.</p>
</div>
<h2><a name="featurelist"></a>Annotated L2 features with examples</h2>
<p>The following contains lists of L2 features annotated in the MERLIN corpus that are illsutrated by examples from the languages in question.<br />
</p>
<div id="anchor2"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor2" onClick="toggle('#content2','#img2')"><img id="img2" src="img/toggle-expand.png"></a> Grammar tags</h3>
<div id="content2" class="content">
<p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="7" bordercolor="99dff9">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Grammar features</p></th>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Example*</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>word order in main clause</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*[Vielleicht du könntest mir bei meine Wohnungssuche helfen.]<br>
*[Sollst du Wasser und Bikini mitbringen.] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>word order in subordinate clause</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*[wenn haben Sie Zeit,] dann bitte sagen Sie mir. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>negation general</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*Ich habe [nicht] Zeit.;
*Er wird dort arbeiten [nein]. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>CZE: double negation </strong></td>
<td valign="top">*[mám] žádný čas {nemám žádný čas};
*nikdo [volal] {nikdo nevolal} </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>verb valency:
number of <br />
obligatory arguments</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *Petr vstává v 6 hodin. On nesnídá, protože [on] nemá hlad.
<br />
GER: *Er hat uns nicht gesagt, ob {er} kommen will. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>agreement (subject and verb)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*Jana [hast] gelesen, *Jana [sind] müde </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>reflexive pronoun</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *smála [si]<br />
GER: *er [entschuldigt], *Laura und Ferdinand reden [sich]<br />
ITA: *[se] {si} lava ogni mattina </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>CZE: possessive reflexive pronoun</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*potřebuju [moji] knihu, * vidím [mého] otce </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>inexistent inflection <br />
(nouns, adj, verb)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">adjective: *ein [blaus] Himmel {blauer}; [teuerer] {teurer}; [größen] {großen / größeren}
<br />
noun: *das schöne [Hause], *[euche] [Fahrrade]
<br />
verb: *Johannes [trinks] keine Milch. *… meine Rechte und Pflichten zu [weißen]; *Wie ich dir [gesagen] hate... </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>wrong inflection <br />
(nouns, pronouns, adj)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">case: CZE: čte romány a chodí na [procházce]; GER:
*… ich suche eine neue Wohnung in [diese] Stadt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" valign="top"><p> </p> </td>
<td valign="top">number: *Ich werde zwei [Woche] dort verbringen; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">gender: *Ich brauche [eine] [große] Wagen für die Möbel. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">ambiguous (number? case?): *Die Silvesternacht habe ich mit [meiner] [Kinder] verbracht. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>verb: tense</strong></td>
<td valign="top">GER: *gestern wir [kochen] gemeinsam<br />
ITA: *Mi ha domandato se [ho] fretta {Mi ha domandato se avevo fretta} </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>verb: voice</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *studenti [budou napsáni] test<br />
GER: *Peter [wurde gezeigt] mir sein neues Buch; die Stadt [gründete] im Jahre 1234; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>verb: mood</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *[Jdi] do města?<br />
GER: *er [würde gehen] gestern ins Kino {ist gestern ins Kino gegangen/ging gestern}<br />
ITA: *[Stai] bene! </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>verb: aspect (CZE+ITA)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *celý den [se naučil] {celý den učil}<br />
ITA: imperfetto instead of pass.pross.: *sempre pensavo {ho sempre pensato} che voi due </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>verb formation (morphol.)</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><em>errors in the formation of complex predicates (i.e. analytical verb forms, predicates with modals and copulative predicates):<br />
</em>*er wird [lese]; *du musst [kommst]; *Diese zwei Frage richtig {zu} beantworten ist nicht einfach.; *Der Buchladen [hat] in der Stadt, *Die Studentin [ist] kam in die Schule </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>main verb</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*… mit großem Interesse habe ich in XY Zeitung Ihre Anzeige {gelesen}; *Ich [nehme] besoche meine Tochter. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>preposition</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*ich warte {auf} deine Antwort; *kannst du [bei] mir helfen?, *Er ist gekommen eine Stunde [vor] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>article</strong></td>
<td valign="top">GER: *habe {die} litauische Staatsangehörigkeit; *ich bringe [etwas] Geschänk<br />
ITA: *[il] mese fa siamo andati; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>conjunction</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*er füttert den Hund, {der/welcher} nicht ihm gehört; *er half mir [dass] ich aufstehe, *Karl kam [um] [für] helfen </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>ITA: clitic</strong></td>
<td valign="top">puoi [chiamarla] {puoi chiamarmi}; ho dimenticato di [scrivere] prima {ho dimenticato di scriverlo prima};
*non { c'è } problema </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>part of speech error</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*Ich freue mich für unsere [besucht] {Besuch}; *Ich bin sehr flexibel und [Mobilität] {mobil}; *Kannst du mich [Hilfe] {helfen} </td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<p>* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</p>
</div>
<div id="anchor3"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor3" onClick="toggle('#content3','#img3')"><img id="img3" src="img/toggle-expand.png"></a> Orthografie </h3>
<div id="content3" class="content">
<p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="7" bordercolor="99dff9">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p><strong>Orthographical features</strong></p></th>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Examples*</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>general grapheme <br />
error</strong></td>
<td valign="top">GER: *[libe] {liebe}, *[Monart] {Monat}; *[schreipt] {schreibt};*[wie] {wir}<br />
ITA: *[mo] {ma}; *[experienza] {esperienza}; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>grapheme <br />
transposition</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *[kraští] {kratší}<br />
GER: *[revelant] {relevant}<br />
ITA: *[saulti] {saluti}; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>CZE+ITA: <br />
diacritical marks</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *[kratši] {kratší}; *[Váčlav] {Václav}; *[ůplný] {úplný}<br />
ITA: *[e] andata {è}; *[perchè] {perché} </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>capitalization </strong></td>
<td valign="top">*[sie] waren in Frankreich, [Und] danach in Deutschland. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>word boundary </strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *[ne čekala] {nečekala}; *[dolesa] {do lesa}<br />
GER: *[Schlafe zimmer]; *[das selbe]; *[Desweiteren] <br />
ITA: *[qui ndi] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>abbreviation</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *[at.] {atd.} <br />
GER: *[Sms] {SMS}; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>punctuation</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*[Er kam nicht] aber er hat sich nicht entschuldigt.<br>
*Rom, Paris[,] und Berlin gefallen mir sehr. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>GER+ITA: <br />
apostrophe</strong></td>
<td valign="top">GER: *Das ist [Mama's] Buch.<br />
ITA: *d{‘}accordo </td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p>* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</p>
</div>
<h3><a href="#anchor4" onClick="toggle('#content4','#img4')"><img src="img/toggle-expand.png alt="toggle" id="img4"></a> Intelligibility </h3>
<div id="content4" class="content">
<h4>Intelligibility of text</h4>
<table border="0" cellspacing="7" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><strong>In the text, deviations occur.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ITA:
*[Ciao Caro. Come stai? Io sto bene. Vorrei andare a trovare te in Italia. Com'è la tua città? È la città grande? O forse una vecchia città? Anche ha il mare, o in vicino? Alla sera vorrei andiamo in discoteca. Qualce volta mangiamo asieme al ristorante. C'è anche possibile per andiamo al cinema. Mi piace per guardare un film. Penso le persone in Italia sono gentili. Ma purtroppo resto solo per cinque giorni. E poi devo ritornare a casa mia. Tanti cari saluti. Un bacio. Maria] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>The text is not comprehensible. More than one half of all sentences is not intelligible.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE:
*[Děkuje za E-mail, že jsi pozval k narozeniním. Tesi mě, a mám otazky: Kde bude místo oslavy? Myslím že bude u tobě, ale kde v Praze? Já ještě nejsem nebyl u tobě ... . A kdy začiná? V pátek večer asi 19 hodin? Kromě toho, kdo a jaké hosty bude při tom? Zdravím, Tomoo]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GER:
*[Hallo Julia<br />
meine Frau und Ichwollten nach Köln im ZuG in der nacht vahren wann 2.1.2011 bis 04.01.2011 Ich nehme besoche meine Tochter. Ich kanne nicht Fahren. Fragen Sie Ihre Julia. meine wollten ist gut ich Besoche Kerche und centrem. meine Hotel ist gut<br />
viel Gruße Danke]</td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<h4>Intelligibility of sentence</h4>
<table border="0" cellspacing="7" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><strong>a) The sentence manifests deviations, but it is still interpretable. </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE: *[Určitě, dobře si využijeme ten večer.]<br />
GER: *[Diese Wohnung sind Bitte 2,3 km von Centrum, warum ich immer fahre mit meine fahrrad, und meine Beruf ist Kürche Hilfe, immer morgens, und Abend Arbeit.]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>b) The sentence is completely incomprehensible </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE: *[Děkuje za E-mail, že jsi pozval k narozeniním.] <br />
GER: *[meine wollten ist gut ich Besoche Kerche und centrem.]<br />
ITA: *[A queste cita di posto?] </td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<p><span class="StilSmall">* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</span></p>
</div>
<div id="anchor5"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor5" onClick="toggle('#content5','#img5')"><img src="img/toggle-expand.png alt="toggle" id="img5"></a> Vocabulary
</h3>
<div id="content5" class="content">
<p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="7">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p><strong>Lexical features</strong></p></th>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Examples*</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>formulaic sequence: <br />
collocation</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: [dávej na sebe pozor], [nabyla jsem dojmu], tam [se cítím jako doma]
<br />
GER: … dass meine Tochter im April ein gesundes [Kind zur Welt bringt]; [Erfahrung im Umgang mit] Kindern und der Haushaltsführung; *[den Teufel an die große grüne Wand malen]<br />
ITA: *[ho suonato il pianoforte] - *[ho suonato] per tante tante ore [il pianoforte] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>formulaic sequence: <br />
compound equivalent (ITA)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">[occhiali da sole], [ferro da stiro], *[lista di desideri] {lista di nozze}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>formulaic sequence: <br />
idiom</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: najít klíč ke štěstí, mít černé svědomí<br />
GER: etwas auf die lange Bank schieben; Morgenstund hat Gold im Mund.<br />
ITA: {non cavare un ragno dal buco}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>formulaic sequence: <br />
communicative <br />
phraseologism</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: <br>
pokud vím, tak...; mám na mysli...; upřímně řečeno...; jak bylo řečeno výše...;přejděme k dalšímu...<br>
common places: Co se stalo, stalo se. <br>
dicta: Méně je někdy více, Vše má své výhody a nevýhody. <br />
<br />
GER: <br>
Wie geht’s, wie steht’s?; Mach dir nichts draus.; ich meine ... ; meines Erachtens ... <br>
common places (e.g. Was man hat, hat man.)<br>
dicta (geflügelte Worte) (e.g. Nicht immer, aber immer öfter.) <br />
<br />
ITA:<br>
non so che dirti ... a; scolta ...; come dico sempre ... <br>
common places: Quel che è fatto è fatto.<br>
dicta (geflügelte Worte): Non ha prezzo.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>non-existing form <br />
(word / formulaic <br />
sequence)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *výsledky [průžek] {?}; *[trvali] čas {trávili}; *urobit <br />
GER: *Kaus; *wer will schon Staub essen; *… ist ein Menefreghista <br />
ITA: * passegere {meaning passeggiate}; bisogna mangiare una mela acida; compra milk e tomatoes </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>semantic error: <br />
denotation (word / <br />
formulaic sequence)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: <br>
*[využít si] života {užít si} života (1)<br>
*[zaměstnání na celou dobu] {zaměstnání na plný úvazek} (1) <br />
<br />
GER: <br>
*kauen {essen}, *sich die hand mit warmem Wasser verbrennen (1)<br>
*Ihr Baby [gewohnt]! (0)<br>
*Das ist eine schwierige Zeit. Jetzt müssen wir alle [ins Gras beißen] {die Zähne zusammenbeißen} (0)<br />
<br /> ITA: <br>
[venire] {andare}, [imparare] {studiare} (1)<br>
----<br> <span class="Stil7">(1) minor deviation from meaning (0) wrong, incomprehensible, hardly or not inferable from context </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>semantic error: <br />
connotation (attitude), <br />
(word / formulaic sequence)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: *[barák] {dům}; odejít navěky {zemřít}
<br />
GER: *[Köter] {Hund}, *[Alter] {Vater}; *ins Gras beißen {sterben}
<br />
ITA: *bagnarola {(vecchia) automobile/imbarcazione}; *i miei vecchi {i miei genitori] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>semantic error: <br />
precision (word / formulaic sequence)</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>a) semantically acceptable and comprehensible but unusual, not precise</strong>
<br />
<br />
GER: *eine [Liste] {eine Liste mit Wohnungsadressen}<br />
ITA: *vi devo chiedere qualche cosa {informazione}<br />
CZE: doma má roztomilé [zvíře] {psa}<br>
<br>
<strong>b) semantically acceptable but imprecise; a specific term/sequence exists to express the same meaning</strong>
<br />
<br />
GER: *[eine Firma, die Bücher macht] {Verlag}<br />
ITA: *[per me ci sono tante cose nuove] {per me ci sono tante novità}<br />
CZE: *vzdělání [dalo pro mě velkou pomoc] {pomohlo mi} </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>word formation error: <br />
derivation</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: odpovědání {odpověď}, opravdivý {opravdový}<br />
GER: *Suchung {Suche} , *[unheilsam] {unheilbar}<br />
ITA: *bracciare instead of abbracciare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>word formation error: <br />
composition</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: životuschopný {životaschopný}<br />
GER: *Sprache Kurs {Sprachkurs}, *[Türhaus] {Haustür}<br />
ITA: *ferro di stiro, *areoporto </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>formulaic sequence: <br />
form error</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: <br>
*je to [jen] příklad z mnoha {je to jen jediný příklad z mnoha}<br>
* brát něco [doslova] vážně {brát vážně} / {brát doslova}<br>
*[známkové] oblečení {značkové oblečení}<br>
* Kdo jinému [kopá jámu], sám do ní padá. {Kdo jinému jámu kopá, sám do ní padá.} <br />
<br />
GER: <br>
*etwas auf [die] Bank schieben {etwas auf die lange Bank schieben}; *… ist meiner [Meinung], nicht ein großes Problem {meiner Meinung nach};<br>
*Öl ins [heiße] Feuer gießen; *den Teufel an die [große] Wand malen<br>
* in Betracht [nehmen] {in Betracht ziehen}<br>
*Der Apfel fällt [vom Baum nicht weit.] <br />
<br />
ITA: <br>
*[carini] {miei cari}<br>
*prendere due piccioni [neri] con una fava instead of prendere due piccioni con una fava<br>
*la stagione d'estate {la stagione estiva} <br>
* tanti [saluti cari] {tanti cari saluti} </td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p><span class="StilSmall">* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</span></p>
</div>
<div id="anchor6"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor6" onClick="toggle('#content6','#img6')"><img id="img6" src="img/toggle-expand.png alt="toggle"></a> Coherence/Cohesion</h3>
<div id="content6" class="content">
<h4>Connector accuracy</h4>
<table border="0" cellspacing="7" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td>GER: <br />
*dort gibt es viele Studenten [als] die Miete nicht sehr hoch ist<br />
* Ich will auch Istanbul besuchen, [weil] schicke mir bitte Informationen. <br />
*[Ich fände es am besten eine Möglichkeit gäbe,] eine Unterkunft in einer Gastfamilie zu bekommen.<br />
*[Für] was die Familien angeht, .</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ITA: <br />
*Gli rivolgo allo scopo [che] ho qualche domanda. <br />
*La mia famiglia gioca volentieri a pallavolo, non [però] c'era nessun possibilità nella Residence" <br />
*Il mio titolo di studio è l'insegnante e per questo motivo mi piace lavorare [anche] con i bambini, organizzare le gite e l'altro divertimento </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE:<br />
*Chtěla jsem se zeptat [pokud] máte parkoviště protože přijdu s autem. <br />
*Přinese [pokud] nějaké jídlo, můžeme mít oběd.<br />
*[Potřebovala bys pomoct,] klidně napiš.<br />
*[Pokud] přijde-li, budu rád.</td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<h4 dir="ltr">Content jumps</h4>
<table border="0" cellspacing="7" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td>GER: <br />
*Ich habe am Wochenende deine Brief bekommen. Das ist schön dass Anna in den Kindergarten und Max ist in der dritten Klasse. [Ich möchte eine Hasen haben, aber ich habe Allergie für die Haar.] <br />
*Ich bin verheiratet und habe ich 3 Kinder. [Wir arbeiten bis 04:00 Uhr.]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ITA: <br />
*Ich habe am Wochenende deine Brief bekommen. Das ist schön dass Anna in den Kindergarten und Max ist in der dritten Klasse. [Ich möchte eine Hasen haben, aber ich habe Allergie für die Haar.] <br />
*Ich bin verheiratet und habe ich 3 Kinder. [Wir arbeiten bis 04:00 Uhr.]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE:<br />
*Prázdninové kurzy češtiny jsou zajímavé. Chci se ucházet o kurz a asi stipendium. Kolik to stojí? Kdy začina kurz? [To je kouzelný, že zůstam chvilečku v Praze.] Můzeš posílat mě toho inzerát?</td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<h4 dir="ltr">Reference </h4>
<table border="0" cellspacing="7" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td>GER: <br />
*meiner Küssen für [ihre] (=deine) Kinder<br />
*Die Frage ist sehr zusammengesetzt, [es] lässt sich nicht so einfach beantworten.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ITA: <br />
*Spero che la vostra [=tua] famiglia anche è sana<br />
*Se glielo non [te lo] pagano devi lavorare in una ditta nel tempo libero</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE:<br />
*paní, jehož se ptal {jíž}, <br />
*dal jsem to jeho bratrovi {jejímu}<br />
Budeš mít narozeniny? Jaký dárek si přejete?</td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<h4 dir="ltr">Metacommunicative device</h4>
<table border="0" cellspacing="7" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td>GER: <br />
im Folgenden; zusammenfassend; erstens, zweitens, drittens; wie wir besprochen haben; Jetzt wechseln wir das Thema</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ITA: <br />
insomma; in conclusione; in primo luogo; in secondo luogo; in altre parole, in breve; inoltre; si osservi poi; si noti, in particolare, che</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CZE:<br />
zároveň; nadto; navíc; potom; především; ani – ani; jednak – jednak; popřípadě; prostě; přesněji; tedy; totiž; tudíž; vlastně</td>
</tr>
</table></p>
<p dir="ltr">
<span class="StilSmall">* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</span></p>
</div>
<div id="anchor7"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor7" onClick="toggle('#content7','#img7')"><img src="img/toggle-expand.png alt="toggle" id="img7"></a> Sociolinguistic appropriateness</h3>
<div id="content7" class="content">
<p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Sociolinguistic features</p></th>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Examples*</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>salutations /<br />
complimentary closes</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: [Ahoj Davide]; *[Dobrý den Pane ředitele hotelu]
GER: [Hallo Maria]; *[tschüß Herr Meier]
ITA: [Ciao Francesco] [Tanti saluti, Maria] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>opening /<br />
closing formulae</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE: [S přáním hezkého dne]; *[Mejte se hezký]
GER: [Vielen Dank für Deinen Brief. Ich habe mich sehr gefreut.]
ITA: *[Aspetto la sua risposta al più presto]; [Come stai?] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>inappropriate style <br />
(formality)</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>introducing a letter to a friend with </strong>
CZE:*[Ahoj pane řediteli]
GER:*[Sehr geehrter Marco]; [Willkommen in „Stadt X“] (task: Bericht über Wohnungsmarkt)
ITA:*[Egregio Andrea], *[ti ringrazio cordialemente della tua gentile lettera del 12 m.s.]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>inappropriate addressing <br />
(formality)</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>in a formal letter:</strong>
CZE: *Prosím, [máš] další informace pro mě?
ITA: *Mi [puoi] dare informazione sulle condizioni?
GER: *Kann ich Informationen von [euch] bekommen?<br>
<strong>in an informal letter:</strong><br>
CZE: *Bylo by dobré, kdybyste přijela do Drážd'an.
ITA: *[Vi] ringrazio per la tua email.
GER: *Kommen [Sie] nächste Woche mich besuchen?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>ITA: lexicalised clitics <br />
(verbi procomplementari)</strong></td>
<td valign="top">-CI andarci, arrivarci (arrivarci a capire)<br>
-LA contarla, farla (la fa a tutti), farla franca<br>
-LE (darle, prenderle) <br>
-NE farne (farne di tutti i colori), volerne (non volermene)<br>
-CELA (avercela, mettercela, farcela) <br>
-CENE (volercene,) (corrercene)<br>
-CISI (mettercisi) <br>
-SELA cavarsela, cercarsela, contarsela, darsela (darsela a gambe)<br>
-SENE (andarsene, fregarsene, intendersene, restarsene, rimanersene, starsene, tornarsene, venirsene (venirsene a casa)<br>
<br>
POLIREMATICHE: darci dentro, dormirci sopra, mettercela tutta </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>ITA: personal pronoun <br />
redundancy</strong></td>
<td valign="top">*[A me mi piace]...; *[A lui] non [gli lascio] nulla. <br>
*[Ne racconta di] storie!<br>
*[Mi bevo] una birra; [Mi vedo] un film </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>ITA: marked syntactic <br />
structures</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>Frasi scisse (cleft sentences)</strong><br>
sei tu che hai detto questo; Sono le foto che mi fanno pensare
alle vacanze dell'anno passato
<strong><br />
Dislocazioni a sinistra </strong><br>
Che non sarei venuto, lo sapevi benissimo.; La spesa l’ho fatta ieri quindi oggi sono libera.
<strong>Disclocazione a destra</strong><br>
Ne voglio parlare con te, dei miei problemi.; Non preoccuparti!
Lo portiamo noi, il vino!
<br />
<strong>c'è presentativo (special kind of cleft sentence)</strong><br>
C'è mia cugina che ti vuole parlare.; C’è Andrea che ti cerca.
Cosa gli dico? </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>ITA: 'che polivalente'</strong></td>
<td valign="top">[Vieni qui che ti voglio dare qualcosa.] {in modo che/perché}<br>
[Ho sentito cose che non avevo fatto caso] {a cui non}<br>
[Il paese che sono stata] {in cui/dove} </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>GER: main clause <br />
word order after 'weil'</strong></td>
<td valign="top">Ich habe Hunger, [weil es ist ja auch schon ganz schön spät.]</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p><span class="StilSmall">* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</span></p>
</div>
<div id="anchor8"></div>
<h3><a href="#anchor8" onClick="toggle('#content8','#img8')"><img src="img/toggle-expand.png alt="toggle" id="img8"></a> Pragmatics</h3>
<div id="content8" class="content">
<p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="7">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p> Features</p></th>
<th bgcolor="99dff9"><p>Beispiele*</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>direct REQUEST</strong></td>
<td valign="top">CZE:<br>
*Prosím, poslej mně to inzerát. Mam jenom dvě nebo tři otázky…; *Neříkáš
jestli oslavy bude poledne nebo večer. Čekám za odpovědaní.
GER: <br>
Fragen Sie Ihre Julia.; Ruf mich bitte an.<br>
*Aus ausgegebenen Gründe fördere ich mich Zurückerstattung diese Kosten.;
Bitte nicht vergessen!
<br />
<br />
ITA:<br>
Ne pensi e fammi sapere la tua decisione. ; Mi chiami per dirmi.<br>
*Vi prego di farmi sapere se avete bisogna delle informazione ulteriore; *Fatemi sapere!; *Portammi il libro!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>indirect REQUEST</strong></td>
<td valign="top">GER: <br>
*Entschuldingung. Aber möchte ich ein PostCard von Istanbul kannst du mir schinken?<br>
*Ich wünsche mir aus Istambul einige Postkarte.<br>
*Können Sie bitte meine Katze füttern [?]
CZE: <br>
*Mohl bys mi poslat ten inzerát?<br>
*Chtela bych uvidět tvůj novy byt! Hodi si ti to?<br>
<br>
ITA: <br>
*Potreste mandarmi la lista dei corsi al mare e la possibilità di alloggio<br>
* Puoi dirmi dove lavori adesso e che cosa fai?<br>
* Potreste organizzare un posto dove posso dormire?</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p><span class="StilSmall">* [...] tag-relevant extracts of learner language expressions {...} correction of the erroneous learner expression</span></p>
</div>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: A comprehensive overview of the annotated features is provided in the <a href="C_download.php#annotations" target="_blank">annotation scheme</a>. To learn how to search MERLIN for annotated features go to <a href="#" onclick="document.forms['glossary'].submit();" class="a.reference"><?php echo $trans['help_search'][$_SESSION['lang']];?></a>.</p>
<p></p>
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